Dr. Asma Aziz, Ms. Zahra Batool, and Ms. Areeha Shehzad. “Constructing the Oriental Empire: Western Orientalism and the Fabrication of Ottoman Otherness”. AL-IDA’AT Research Journal 6, no. 4 (October 19, 2026). Accessed October 23, 2026. https://alasr.com.pk/ojs3308/index.php/alidaat/article/view/537.