Mufti Dr. Abdul Wahid. “الاستخفاف والاستهزاء بالدين وأثرهما في الفتنة والتكفير المعاصر : Mockery, Disrespect, and Excommunication: A Theological-Legal Study of Istikhfāf, Istihzāʾ, and Takfīr”. AL-IDA’AT Research Journal 2, no. 4 (December 27, 2022). Accessed November 14, 2025. https://alasr.com.pk/ojs3308/index.php/alidaat/article/view/410.