Dr. Asma Aziz, Ms. Zahra Batool and Ms. Areeha Shehzad (2026) “Constructing the Oriental Empire: Western Orientalism and the Fabrication of Ottoman Otherness”, AL-IDA’AT Research Journal, 6(4). Available at: https://alasr.com.pk/ojs3308/index.php/alidaat/article/view/537 (Accessed: 25 October 2026).