امام ابو الحسن الماوردی کے تفسیری مصادر اور منہج و اسلوب سورۃ الصافات،ص اور الزمر کا اختصاصی مطالعہ

Imam Abū al-Ḥasan al-Māwardī’s Tafsiri Sources, Methodology, and Style: A study of Sūrat Al Saaffat, Sad and Az- Zumar

Abstract

Surah As-Saffat is a Makkī Sūrat of the Holy Quran. It consists of five Rukus and 182 verses. This Surah primarily emphasizes Tawheed (monotheism) — the oneness of Allah. It begins with oaths sworn by Allah to declare that He alone is the true God. He created the heavens and the earth and adorned the sky with stars, guarding it from devils. In the third Ruku, the story of Prophet Ibrahim (peace be upon him) and his people is narrated. The Surah also recounts the sacrifice of Prophet Ismail (peace be upon him), where Allah accepted a ram in his place. The fourth Ruku briefly mentions other Prophets such as Musa, Ilyas, and Lūṭ (peace be upon them). The fifth and final Ruku describes Prophet Yunus (peace be upon him), his ordeal in the belly of the fish, and his eventual return to his people. The Surah firmly rejects the belief that Allah has children or that angels are His daughters. Allah is free from such attributions.

Surah Sad is also a Makkī Sūrat with five Rukus and 88 verses. Its main teachings include: The destruction of disobedient nations such as the people of Nuh, ‘Aad, Thamud, Pharaoh (Firaon), the people of Lūṭ, and the companions of the Wood (Ashabul Aika). The trials and virtues of Prophets Dawud and Sulayman (peace be upon them). The story of Adam (peace be upon him) and Iblis. The patience of Prophet Ayyub (peace be upon him). The Surah ends by commanding the Prophet (peace be upon him) to clearly declare that he seeks no reward or compensation for his prophethood. The Quran is guidance from Allah, and those who reject it will see the consequences of their denial.

Surah Az-Zumar, revealed in and around Makka, comprises eight Rukus and 75 verses. Surah Az-Zumar begins by affirming that the Quran is revealed by Allah, the Almighty and Wise. Its main messages are: The command to worship Allah alone. Clarification of monotheism, condemnation of polytheism and its ultimate failure. Declaration of Allah’s mercy. The condition of the inhabitants of Hell versus the honor of the dwellers of Paradise.

The author, being an eminent jurist of his time, his primary engagement was with judicial and fiqhi (jurisprudential) matters, Imam al-Mawardi’s work in the field of tafsir holds a significant and respected position among classical Islamic scholarship. His tafsir, “al-Nukat wa al- ‘Uyun”, incorporates both tafsir bil-ma’thūr (interpretation through transmitted reports from the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), the Companions, and the Tabi‘un) and tafsir bil-Ma’qool (refers to interpretation of the Qur’an using reason and intellect). Most of the compiled material has been drawn from the tafasir of al-Tabari, Ibn Abi Hatim, Mujahid, ‘Abd al-Razzaq ibn Hammam, and Muqatil ibn Sulayman, among others. Hadiths cited in this tafsir are sourced from Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, the Sunan al-Arba‘ah (Abu Dawud, al-Tirmidhi, al-Nasa’i, and Ibn Majah), Musnad Ahmad, and Sahih Ibn Hibban etc. Imam al-Mawardi (rahimahullah) narrated 820 statements from 126 narrators within three primary categories of interpretation. He also presents his own scholarly insights and reflections. He did not always include the full chains of transmission (isnad) when quoting hadith and reports. There are 58 instances where he cites a statement without attributing to a specific narrator or source. This approach is consistent with the scholarly methods of many classical mufassirun, who sometimes omit isnad when quoting widely accepted reports for the sake of brevity and focus on meaning.